外貿(mào)知識(shí):單證制作技巧關(guān)于船公司證明
在我國對(duì)外貿(mào)易實(shí)踐中,經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到進(jìn)口商在信用證中提出要求船公司證明(以下稱“船證”)的情形,尤以來自中東和非洲地區(qū)的客戶為多,所以單證從業(yè)人員必須對(duì)此進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)?shù)睦斫夂桶盐?。船證通常由出口商或船方用英文制作,具體內(nèi)容應(yīng)以信用證中要求為準(zhǔn),所有船證必須簽署。
一、船舶本身的證明文件
1. 集裝箱船只證明(Certificate of Container Vessel)。進(jìn)口商或銀行在合同/信用證中規(guī)定貨物須裝集裝箱船并出具相應(yīng)證明的,可由受益人自行制作并加蓋有關(guān)簽發(fā)人的圖章,也可在運(yùn)輸單據(jù)上加以注明。
2. 船齡證明。有些國家/地區(qū)來證規(guī)定裝載貨物的船舶的船齡不得超過15年,受益人必須要求船代或船公司出具載貨船只的船齡證明書(Certificate to evidence the ship is not over 15 years old或is under 15 years of age),這樣的要求主要目的在于禁止使用老齡船,保護(hù)貨物運(yùn)輸安全。
3. 船籍證明(Certificate of Registry )用于證明船舶所屬國籍。
4. 船級(jí)證明(Confirmation of Class)。有的信用證規(guī)定提供英國勞合社船級(jí)證明,如“Class certificate certifying that the shipment is made by a seaworthy vessel which are classified 100 A1 issued by Lloyds or equivalent classification society”,勞合社的船級(jí)符號(hào)為LR,標(biāo)志100A1,100A表示該船的船體和機(jī)器設(shè)備是根據(jù)勞氏規(guī)范和規(guī)定建造的,I表示船舶的裝備如船錨、錨鏈和繩索等處于良好和有效的狀態(tài),對(duì)這樣的要求我們通常應(yīng)予以滿足。國際上著名的船級(jí)社有英國勞合社 、德國船級(jí)社(GL)、挪威船級(jí)社(DNV)、法國船級(jí)社(BV)、日本海事協(xié)會(huì)(NK)、美國船級(jí)社(ABS)等。
二、運(yùn)輸和航行證明。
1. 航程證明(Certificate of Itinerary)。主要說明航程中船舶??康母劭?,一些阿拉伯國家開來的信用證中,往往要求在提單上隨附聲明一份,明確船籍、船名、船東及途中所經(jīng)港口順序,出口方須按要求簽發(fā)此類證明并按證明中所述行駛、操作船舶。
2. 轉(zhuǎn)船證明書(Certificate of Transshipment)。出口方出具轉(zhuǎn)船證明書,說明出口貨物將在中途轉(zhuǎn)船且已聯(lián)系妥當(dāng),并由托運(yùn)人負(fù)責(zé)將有關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)船事項(xiàng)通知收貨人。
3. 貨裝具名船舶證明。如信用證要求:“A certificate from the shipping company or its agent stating that goods are shipped by APL”(意思是要求出口方提供由船公司或其代理出具的貨裝美國總統(tǒng)輪船公司的證明)。
4. 船長收據(jù)(Captain's Receipt)。有的信用證規(guī)定,樣品或單據(jù)副本交載貨船只的船長帶交進(jìn)口商,并提供船長收據(jù),如委托船長帶去而未取得船長收據(jù)將影響出口商收匯,常見于近洋運(yùn)輸。
此外船證還包括進(jìn)港證明、運(yùn)費(fèi)已交收據(jù)、港口費(fèi)用單(port charges documents)、裝卸準(zhǔn)備就緒通知書(NOR)和裝卸時(shí)間事實(shí)記錄等,由于政治原因,巴基斯坦和印度互不允許懸掛對(duì)方國旗的船舶靠岸,巴基斯坦港口還不接受來自南非、韓國、以色列和中國臺(tái)灣的船舶,如要求出具相應(yīng)證明的,出口方必須提供。
三、航運(yùn)組織和公約證明。
1. 班輪公會(huì)證明(Conference Line Certificate)。信用證規(guī)定貨物須裝班輪公會(huì)船只時(shí),向銀行所交單據(jù)中應(yīng)包括船公司或船代出具的證明。例1,信用證要求“A certificate issued by the carrier,shipping Co or their agents certifying that shipment has been effected by conference line and/or regular line vessels only covered by institute classification clause to accompany the documents. 其意思是由承運(yùn)人、船公司或他們的代理簽發(fā)證明,證實(shí)貨物業(yè)已裝運(yùn)在符合倫敦協(xié)會(huì)船級(jí)條款的班輪公會(huì)船只或定期船上,該船證隨單據(jù)提交。例2,某信用證要求“Shipping company's certificate stating that the carrying vessel has entered P&I Club and should be attached with the original documents” 其要求船證應(yīng)明確載貨船舶系船東保賠協(xié)會(huì)成員并應(yīng)隨附正本證明。
2. 黑名單證明。典型的是阿拉伯國家所要求的抵制以色列證明(Certificate of Boycott Israel)。其通常規(guī)定為:The vessel carrying the goods is not Israeli and will not call on any Israeli ports while carrying the goods and that the vessel is not banned entry to the port of the Arab States for any reasons whatever under law and the laws and regulations of such Sates allowed(船上所裝貨物為非以色列原產(chǎn),船不經(jīng)停任何以色列港口,船只可依法自由進(jìn)入阿拉伯國家法律和規(guī)則所容許進(jìn)出的港口)。
3. SMC、DOC和SOLAS。這幾個(gè)縮略語近年來常出現(xiàn)在信用證的要求中,SMC(Safety Management Certificate 船舶安全管理證書)和DOC(Document of Compliance安全符合證書,也有人稱其為船/港保安符合證書)是按照國際安全管理規(guī)則(ISM)的規(guī)定載貨船舶應(yīng)在船上擁有的必要證書。我國海事局按ISM的規(guī)章發(fā)給船公司DOC,船舶則可獲SMC,如船公司沒有相應(yīng)證書,那么就沒有辦法按信用證要求來出具此類證明。信用證中的一般要求是:“The carrying vessel should comply with the provisions of the (ISM) Code which necessiates that such vessel must have on board, copies of the two (SMC and DOC)valid Certificates and copies of such certificate must be presented with the original documents.”也可體現(xiàn)為“Certificate issued,signed and stamped by the owner/carrier/ master of the carrying vessel holds valid ISM certificate and ISPS (International Shipping And Port Security Safety Code《國際船舶和港口設(shè)施保安規(guī)則》)”;SOLAS指的是《1974年國際海上人命安全公約》(簡稱SOLAS公約)?!?·11”事件后國際海事組織于2002年12月召開締約國大會(huì)通過對(duì)SOLAS公約的修正案,并在2004年7月1日起開始實(shí)施。按上述有關(guān)規(guī)定,船舶應(yīng)持有“安全管理證書”正本,其船名與國籍證書一致,所載公司名稱與“符合證明”中的公司名稱相一致。
四、正確理解船證制作要求。
1. 某信用證中要求:Certificate from the shipping agents issued at the port of shipment stating that cargo and/or interests are carried by a mechanically self propelled seaworthy vessel classified under Lloyd's register of shipping as 100A1 or equivalent provided such vessels are not over fifteen years of age or over fifteen years but not over twenty five years of age and have established and maintained a regular pattern of trading on an advertised schedule to load and unload at specific ports or equivalent.船證由船代在裝港制作,明確貨物系由英國勞合社或其它相應(yīng)機(jī)構(gòu)確認(rèn)的100A1級(jí)、機(jī)械驅(qū)動(dòng)、適航的船舶運(yùn)輸,船齡應(yīng)15年以下,或能按預(yù)先公布的船期表在特定港口持續(xù)定期投入裝卸貨物的商業(yè)運(yùn)營的,船齡也可在15年以上25年以下。證明內(nèi)容以證內(nèi)文字及船舶的實(shí)際情況加以敘述即可。
2. A certificate from the shipping company or their agent stating that the goods are shipped on vessels:
-that are exempted from the 'solas' convention certificatin requirement and is not required to have a certificate of conformity to the ISM code or that have a current ISM code certificate if the carrying vessel is subject to 'solas'
-covered by the institution classification clause.
-that are allowed by the Arab authorities to call at arabian ports and not scheduled to call at any israel port during its voyage to the U.A.E.
-under 15 years of age.
該船證要求來自阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長國開的信用證,船證由船公司或其代理簽發(fā),證明載貨的船舶:如適用“SOLAS”公約則必須持有有效的ISM證明,否則可以豁免相關(guān)證明;船舶符合協(xié)會(huì)船級(jí)條款;經(jīng)阿拉伯國家授權(quán),船舶可掛靠所有阿拉伯口岸,船舶在駛往阿聯(lián)酋途中不??咳魏我陨懈劭冢淮g15年以下。
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